indianocean.app

#Indian Ocean Application Meta

#Indian Ocean | The third-largest ocean | Covering ca. 70.56 million square kilometers | Average depth 3,741 meters (12,274 feet) | Deepest point Java Trench 7,450 meters (24,442 feet)

#2Africa Pearls under-sea csble

#India-Asia-Express (IAX) under-sea csble

#India-Europe-Express (IEX) under-sea csble

#Strait Of Malacca

#Bab ElbMandab Strait

#Sea Routes

#Petroleum Traffic

#Petroleum Products

#Persian Gulf Oil Fields

#Hydrocarbon Reserves

#Offshore Oil Production

#Beach Sand Minerals

#Global Container Trade

#Monsoons

#TwoGyres

#Submarine Fans

#Slope Terraces

#Rift Valleys

#Circumpolar Deep Water

#Crozet Basins

#Madagasgar Basins

#Western Boundary Current

#Somali Basin

#Rossby Waves

#Subtrobical Anticyclonal Gyre

#Bay Of Bengal

#South Equatorial Current

#Arabian Sea

#Indian Ocean Carbage Patch

#Phytoplankton

#Extended Continental Shelf

#Seaborn Trade

#Fish aggregating device

#Tuna fishers

#Tuna school

#Drifting fish aggregating device (dFAD): floating object attracting tuna to hide under and around it

#Tuna-like species: yellowfin, bigeye, skipjack, bluefin

#Bycatch of turtles

#Vulnerable Marine Ecosystem (VME) | One nautical mile in radius | Hub of biodiversity | Made up of organisms especially vulnerable to bottom-fishing gear | Refuge for life forms stressed by rapidly warming ocean

#Oil Transit

#Choke Points

#Strait Of Hormuz

#Sea levels rise | As water absorbs heat, its molecules move faster and spread apart, causing water to expand and occupy more volume | Phenomenon accounts for a significant portion of global sea level rise, alongside contributions from melting glaciers and ice sheets

#Global ocean warming

#Rising ocean heat content | Profound impacts on almost every aspect of the ocean, from physical processes, to biogeochemical balances, to marine biodiversity and ecosystems

#Earth energy imbalance | Grew by 0.29 watts per square metre per decade between 1993-2022 | Earth is out of energy balance | Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are trapping excess heat and preventing it from being released into space | Heat building-up of heat in the Earth climate system | Most of building-up is absorbed by ocean

#Ocean surface heat | Satellite measurements of gravity and surface height | Space geodesy | Accurate, long term and broad estimates of changes in amount of heat stored in ocean

#Polymetallic nodules | Also called manganese nodules | Contain four essential base metals: cobalt, nickel, copper and manganese, in a single ore | Formed over millions of years by precipitating metals from seawater and sediment pore water | Lie unattached to abyssal seafloor | Do not contain toxic levels of heavy elements | Potential to productize nearly 100% of nodule mass | Designing metallurgical flowsheet that generates no tailings and leaves nearly no solid waste streams behind | International Seabed Authority (ISA) set up U.N. in 1994 | Nauru Ocean Resources Inc. (NORI) ISA license in 2011 | Metals Company holds rights to exploration contracts granted by ISA through NORI, sponsored by Republic of Nauru; and TOML, sponsored by Kingdom of Tonga | Surveying with underwater drones and taking box core samples | Using nodules to create EV batteries expected to generate, on average, 90% less CO2 equivalent emissions than using ores from land-based mines | Lifting polymetallic nodules to surface and taking to shore, and processing with near-zero solid waste, no tailings or deforestation, and with careful attention not to harm integrity of deep-ocean ecosystem | Adaptive management system, a mix of marine hardware and cloud-based artificial intelligence designed to create a virtual replica of deep-sea environment